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Khandagiri Caves: Ancient Stone Poems of Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, is not only a city of temples but also a witness to an ancient history—the Khandagiri Caves. These Jain caves are not just rock-cut shelters; they are like an ancient poem written on stone, which takes us back to the pre-Christian era. In today's blog, let's explore the rich history of the Khandagiri caves.
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Ancient Background: The beginning of Umchon (1st-2nd century BCE)
Contribution of the Mahameghavahana dynasty: The construction of the Khandagiri Caves is largely attributed to the Chedi dynasty (also known as Mahameghavahana) that ruled under the Kharavela king (circa 1st century BCE). They were the rulers of Cuttack (ancient Kalinga).
Paired with Khandagiri, Udayagiri forms a unique archaeological site, along with its neighbor, the Udayagiri Caves. The two mountains face each other. Initially, Udayagiri itself had a greater number of caves.
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Purpose: These caves were originally built for the residence and meditation of Jain monks (sages and saints). Jainism was then particularly widespread in Odisha.
History of the name: the story of the "broken mountain"
Khandagiri: The name is derived from the Odia words "khanda" (broken) and "giri" (hill). The name comes from the fact that part of the mountain seems to have been broken or cut off. Locally, it is also known as Kumar Parvat.
Udayagiri: The name of the neighboring hill, "Udayagiri" (Udaya: Udaya + Giri: Hill), is probably because it faces the sunrise or because of its importance.
Cave Features and Architecture (15 Major Caves in Khandagiri)
Confluence of natural beauty: These caves have been carved on the hills in harmony with the natural formation.
Different Designs: The caves vary in size and design—some are simple chambers, while others are multi-storied, with verandahs and pillars.
Carving: The carving of the Khandagiri Caves is slightly less complex than that of the Udayagiri Caves, but can also be seen here:
Jain Tirthankaras: Idols of Jain Tirthankaras are carved in some caves.
Animal and floral design: Decorating with natural elements, animals and birds, and geometric designs.
Inscriptions: In some of the caves, inscriptions in ancient Brahmi script have been found, which help in unraveling the history.
Noted Caves (Khandagiri)
Tatwa Cave (Cave Nos 1 and 2) is a two-storied, verandahed, pillared cave. The name comes from the design of the balcony pillars (Tatowa).
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The Ananta Gumpha (Cave No. 3) is relatively large and important, with statues of the Jain Tirthankar Parshvanatha and meditating sages.
The name Tentuli Cave (Cave No. 4) comes from the tamarind tree (Tentuli = Tamarind) near the cave.
Khandagiri Gumpha (Cave No. 5) is located at the foot of the hill and has some remarkable carvings.
The name Dhyana Harini Gumpha (Cave No. 7) is derived from the statue of a meditating deer carved here.
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Navamuni Gumpha (Cave No. 9) has nine Jain Munis carved on it (Navamuni = nine sages).
Barbhuji Cave (Cave No. 11) is famous for the statue of the 12th Tirthankar (Barbhuji = twelve).
The historical significance:
Center of Jainism: This cave complex is one of the main pieces of evidence of the spread and importance of Jainism in ancient Kalinga.
The architecture and sculpture of the caves is an outstanding example of late Mauryan and early Shunga period Indian art (especially in Odisha).
Socio-religious depictions: The carvings in the caves give a glimpse of the costumes, ornaments, culture, and religious beliefs of the time.
Complementary to Udayagiri: Khandagiri, together with Udayagiri, presents a complete picture of the cave architecture of ancient India.
Restoration and conservation:
During the British period, these caves regained importance, and conservation measures were taken.
At present, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) maintains these structures and has listed them as monuments of national importance.
The local legend:
According to local legend, there is an incomplete cave (unfinished) on the Khandagiri hill. It is said that when the stone was cut during construction, the work was stopped due to blood and water coming out of it.
Current Status and Visitor Status:
The Khandagiri Caves are a popular tourist spot and very attractive for history and culture lovers.
There are stairs to climb up the mountain. At the top, there is a beautiful view of the city.
It is advisable to visit together with Udayagiri (usually it is better to go in the morning).
Hours: Open from sunrise to sunset.
Entry fee: The entry fee is nominal for Indian visitors and is different for foreigners. (Check the website for updates.)
Conclusion:
The Khandagiri Caves are not just stone craters; they are a testimony to the times, a signature of the craft of ancient artists, and a symbol of the ceaseless meditation of Jain saints. On a trip to Bhubaneswar, take a dip in the magic of these ancient caves. Climbing up the mountain, standing in the cool shade of the cave, you will feel as if you have touched two thousand years of history—a priceless ancient Indian heritage. This history written on stone will fascinate you.
