Tomb of susanna anna maria Chinsurah, West Bengal

 

source of Wikipedia

Introduction 

Chandannagar is a place with both history of the French colony and mysterious stories. In every stone and brick here there is the memory of centuries. And in the same manner an anonymous tale is a story of a Dutch beauty whose fame rested on no less a foundation than her own beauty, or the premature death of her husband. He became the killer of seven husbands. His tomb is over 200 years old, and it has always been located in the center of Chandannagar raising the questions of history enthusiasts and visitors.

Name and Identity 

The actual name of this woman of mystery of Chandannagar has not been well documented in the pages of records. She was, however, a beautiful Dutch woman. She got to the region when the European traders came. She was extremely pretty and her beauty impressed a lot of people. She married and divorced a number of times. But every time her husband died in strange and mysterious conditions. Following these incidences, the locals started giving her the illustrious title - the Dutch beauty, the killer of seven husbands.

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History and lore

We find a number of tales of this Dutch beauty of Chandannagar. History does not provide so definite information and then the legends which have been told to the people have caused a mystery on his part. They say that he had been married seven times. Unexpectedly, both of her husbands were murdered. Somebody dies of an unfamiliar disease, somebody dies in an accident, somebody dies in a suspicious manner, it is said that he or she purposely killed him or her. In this progressive murders the natives started believing that she was some sort of a cursed woman, life and death with her. It is out of this that came her identity - the beauty who killed seven husbands. But historians consider that these stories are mostly folktales. Maybe it is her beauty and the premature death of several husbands which made people unlucky and this dreadful name has grown out of it.

The tomb and its location

One of the tombs of this unknown Dutch allure is still located in the Duplex Park of Chandannagar. The tomb has been able to witness history over a period of more than 200 years in silence. The tomb is constructed in European style with combination of limestone and stone. There is also the moss and old vegetation near the tomb that develops some sort of mystery, and this makes the visitors curious. • It is considered not only a historical site by local residents, but also an object of mystical legends. This is the tomb that tourists visiting Chandannagar do not forget when they visit the Duplex Park. It is still an astonishing legacy of Chandannagar to history, folklore and mystery.



Conclusion

It is as well the story of this Dutch beauty of Chandannagar that makes us remember that history is always very much interwove not only with the records of documents, but people imagination, folklore and beliefs. Were he, in reality, the killer of seven husbands, or whether he is only that by superstition and rumor - it can not be ascertained today. Nevertheless, his tomb remains even nowadays and it attracts history enthusiasts and travelers to the air of the past mystery. This tomb will constantly remind you.

Reference :

http://dutchcemeterybengal.com
http://dutchinchinsurah.com

Durga temple, Aihole, Karnataka

 

This is a photo of ASI monument number photo credit Wikipedia

Introduction

The Durga Temple is a special Indian example of early Indian architecture and art that stands in the historic city of Aihole in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple was constructed in the reign of the Chalukya dynasty making it known all over the world as not only a place of worship, but also its architectural diversity and historical importance. Its name resembles that the name is dedicated to Goddess Durga, but in fact, the name Durga is based on the site of the neighboring fort or fort. The Durga temple is a laboratory of the Indian temple architecture with semi-circular designs and exquisite sculptures, carved pillars and mythological scenes. Here originated the temple art of Badami and Pattadakal of South India later on.

The location of major artworks, Durga temple photo credit Wikipedia

 

The History and Establishment

The Durga temple in Aihole is linked primarily with the Chalukya. The temple was constructed in the 7th -8th centuries. One of the most influential rulers of South India were the Chalukyas who contributed to art, architecture and religious activities in a big manner. There is one special explanation concerning the name of the temple. This name can be interpreted into goddess Durga, but the name Durga is derived in the neighbouring fortification or defence wall (Durga). The temple was initially constructed in the name of the Surya (Aditya) and Vishnu. Durga temple is among the first to represent the Chalukya architecture where Nagara style of North India and the Dravidian one of South India merged in an original form. It is on this basis that it is frequently referred to as the laboratory of Indian temple architecture.

Goddess Durga as Mahishasuramardini. photo credit Wikipedia 

 

Architectural features

The Durga Temple in Aihole is the special specimen of ancient Indian architecture. Its architecture and construction are the clear evidence of the mixture of Nagara style of North India and Dravidian style of South India.

 

Roof inside photo credit Wikipedia 

Main features: Semi-circular structure The building is semi-circular in structure resembling chaitya prayer hall of the Buddhist vihara, which is unusual in Hindu temples.

The Mandapa The large mandap is decorated by finely sculpted pillars, inscribed with mythological tales, innervation of gods and goddesses and dances art. The Pradakshina Path The circuitous path around the temple in which devotees walk is one of the features of early Hindu temples.

Shiva with Nandi  photo credit Wikipedia 

 

The Tower Its form is in the Nagara form of North India, and its base and structure is more of the Dravidian style of South India.

The art of painting: The fantastic carvings of the internal and external walls are the Dasavatara of Vishnu, the Mardini form of Mahishasura of Durga and other mythological characters.

Religious significance

The Durga Temple is one of the temples in the city of Aihole that is not only known because of its architectural style, but also because of the strong religious meaning. Many people believe that the name gave the temple the status of the temple of Goddess Durga but in actual sense, the temple used to worship Vishnu, Shiva and Surya. Durga's name: Durga here is fort. Because the temple really can be found within the fort, it is referred to as Durga Mandir. The worship of Vishnu: The temple has been carved at different times into portraits of Dashavatara of Vishnu in his various forms. It remains evident that Vaishnava worship was forerunner here. Worship Lord Shiva. The presence of Shaivism also in the temple is demonstrated by several sculptures such as the Shivalinga. The symbol of the sun: There are chariots of the sun and statues of deities that prove that the worship of the sun was also common. • Symbols of integration: Durga temple represents the merging of various sects of Hinduism - Shaivites, Vaishnavites and Sauras. Consequently, the temple is a manifestation of religious tolerance and pluralistic culture of ancient India.

The current status and conservation

It is today under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Part of the Aihole-Pattadakal-Badmi architectural region included in the UNESCO World Heritage. It is a priceless source of ancient Indian architecture both to the local and international tourists.

 

Conclusion

Not that the Durga Mandir, at Aihole, is not an old building, yet it is also a document of religious tolerance of India, architectural excellence and culture. The temple is built in the 7th-8th centuries and shows Vaishnava, Shaiva and solar options of worship, which indicates how powerful the religious syncretism in ancient India was. Its unique architecture, sculptures and historical significance still attract researchers, tourists and devotees alike. Thus, the Durga temple is both an image of the past and of the splendid Indian civilization and culture.

Brihadeeswara temple tamil nadu 10 Interesting Things

Brihadeeswara Temple source Wikipedia

Introduction 

The Brihadeeswara Temple is an Indian Hindu Temple, which is dedicated to god Shiva and is situated in Thanjavur town of Indian state Tamil Nadu. It is also the most popular Dravidian structure temples of the world constructed under the reign of Chola emperor Rajaraja Chola I. The temple is famous because of its huge spires, massive Nandi statue, its finely carved sculpture and architectural creations. In 1987 the site was declared as World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, in Great Living Chola Temples category. It is not only a religious site of today but a way of life and symbol of history and art of the Chola Empire.

10 Interesting Things about the Brihadeeswara Temple

The sikhara, a cupolic dome (25 tons), is octagonal and rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons.Photo source Wikipedia

1. Skyscraper peak The outstanding element of the Brihadeshwara Temple is its gigantic shikhara/vimana. It has a height of approximately 66 meters, and it was constructed over 1000 years ago but it currently stills stands strong. On the top of the peak, there is this huge rock of granite weighing approximately 80 tons of weight and still, historians, and architects are astonished with the way it was brought up to this height. This not only made Tamil architecture push to a new peak in terms of architecture but also in the symbolism that indicates a state of devotion and power. 

Nandi Mandapam Photo source Wikipedia

2. There was one big stone Nandimandapam, which is in the front of the entrance of Brihadeshwara Temple is one of the attractions of this temple. There is also a gigantic Nandi idol in a single granite rock. This Nandi measures 2 meters high, 6 meters long with the weight of about 25 tons. It is among the biggest Nandi in India. The detailed carvings, position and expressivity is what makes this idol a masterpiece. The extremely beautiful style and art of craftsmen of Chola era can be well observed in this Nandi one of the examples of devotion and delight to the worshipers. 

3. The shadow peak less One more incredible aspect in the Brihadeshwara Temple is its shadow of the dome. The story is passed along that when the sun is in the sky during the day the shadow of this massive mountain never touches the ground of the temple. This architecture is a wonderful feature of old architecture knowledge and mathematics. The shape of the temple is such that regardless of the time of the day and where the sun is located the peak of the temple projects a shadow but it does not land into the courtyard of the temple. This mysterious architectural style does not only surprise the visitors but is deemed a hint of the highly developed scientific approach to the world of Chola era. 

4. Old frescoes of the Chola period Brihadeshwara Temple is not famous in terms of architecture alone but also in terms of fresco paintings available inside the temple. The interiors of this temple are graced with beautiful Chola era murals. These frescoe represent - Shiva ins in its differing forms Gods of Dancing Bios of Rajaraja Chola and his courtiers The paintings made use of natural colors and this creates an easy effect that is visible even in the present century after several centuries. These frescos of Chola period are not merely a religious artwork and but a priceless source of society, culture and life-style of those years past. They are claimed to be the oldest fresco art in South India. 

5. Biggest Shivalinga of South India This temple has a Brihadeshwara Stone where one of the largest Shivalingas in South India is found. The size of this Shivling is approximately 4 meters high and the bottom of it is almost octagonal in shape. This lingam is made of granite stone that was worshipped since the rule of Rajaraja Chola I. Each day thousands of Shiva worshipers visit here and recollect the grandeur of Shiva. This enormous Shivalinga does verily not only signify devotion; it is also a distinct sign of the ability, strength and devotion of kings.

Tamil Inscriptions in Thanjavur Brahadeeshwara Temple written 1000 years ago Photo source Wikipedia

 6. The Dream of Rajaraja Chola Brihadeshwara Temple is the dream of Rajarajan Chola that is mighty. The chola emperor Rajaraja Chola I was not only strong as an emperor but also was a great dreamer. It was his wish to construct a Shiva temple which was not only to depict the strength and might of the Chola Empire, but also to leave behind a mark of glory of Shiva in centuries to come. It is on this dream that the building of the Brihadeshwara Temple took shape in 1003 AD and was finished within 7 years. This temple of Rajaraja Chola presents the cultural and religious qualities of the supremacy of his empire to the rest of the world. Even now the Brihadeshwara Temple remains a testimony to this grandiose dream of
Rajaraja Chola that kept the history during thousands of years alive. 

7. The ideal balance of the architecture The Brihadeshwara Temple is commonly known as an Architectural wonder. Part of this is that it is optimally proportional and harmonious. All the components of the temple i.e. the shikhara, the sanctum sanctorum, sanctum sanctorum, the mandapa, the wall and the entrance are constructed in an exemplary manner that they fit into each other. The temple was basically designed with a shikhara or vimanam of 66 metres, unprecedented feat in 18th century. In its own way, it has been constructed in the sanctum sanctorum all the way up to the edge of the peak that the more scenic beauty of the temple is captured when one is admiring it at a distance. In every sculpture, pillar, and even walls there is artistic balance and the perfect geometry can be witnessed in the temple. This is why the Brihadeshwara Temple can be called not only a religious site but an outstanding basis of knowledge about ancient Indian architecture. 

Photo source Wikipedia

8. Bharatnatyam dance The Brihadeshwara Temple is one of the landmark temples in the world not only because of the sculptures and architecture created on it, but also because of the ancient Indian dancing form. Mural paintings of the temple have Bharatnatyam dance styles on the walls and on the buildings. The carved images are an embodiment of each of the poses and gestures of Bharatanatyam without any imperfection. The eyes, hands, waist and steps as per the posture of the dance indicate that artists of that time had good understanding of the art of dance. These carvings played not only a decorative role, but also played a role of visualizing a guide on how to learn Bharatanatyam according to the historians. Even in today world, these are temple carvings are held in great esteem as an invaluable piece of cultural information upon the dance culture in South India. This is why the Brihadeshwara Temple is taken to be the epicentre of an animated dialogue of sculpture and dance. 

Photo source Wikipedia

9. Importation of granite The most astonishing feature of the Brihadeshwara Temple is that all the temple is created out of the stone of granite. Amazingly, there is no granite of natural source in the Thanjavur region. Scientists suppose that these super-size stones were transported over a distance of approximately 60km. The carvers of the epoch employed elephant, chariots and special wooden equipment to carry such heavy stones around. The most surprising was the massive single block of granite on top of the mountain which weighed about 80 tons and the moving of such was an engineering feat. The stones are placed in a way that many thousands of years later, the temple still stands. This testifies to the fact that, there was an unprecedented growth during the period of the Chola not only in art and architecture but also the science of engineering.

 10. The world heritage UNESCO Brihadeshwara Temple was recorded as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is part of a group comprised of the so-called Great Living Chola Temples, the Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple. The presence of remarkable architecture, engineering techniques and artistic artifacts has made UNESCO acknowledge the same. This is not only a religious site, but also an eyewitness to the strength, industrial culture and superior technology of the Chola Empire. Many local cultures and economies rely on the thousands of tourist who are visiting them each year; domestic, and foreign. The appreciation by UNESCO has given the temple conservation and research stronger effectiveness. Nowadays the Brihadeshwara Temple is recognized throughout the entire world as the token of Indian cultural grandeur.

The Conclusion
The Brihadeshwara Temple of Thanjavur is a very unique architectural work. All of the above 10 facts skyscrapers, the giant Nandi, the architecture which shroud no shadows, the ancient artistic frescoes, the massive Shivalinga, the dream epics of Rajaraja Chola, the perfect measures, Bharatanatyam carvings, the granites brought all the way and the UNESCO world heritage status- make the temple an epitome of the historical, cultural and religious greatness in all its sense. It is not only a temple; it is a wonder of the scale of the power of Chola Empire, perfection of work and Indian engineering antiquity. Until today, it still mystifies millions of followers and tourists; it is like a gem in the architectural history of India.

Wikipedia

World Heritage Site 

Chennakeshava temple, Belur

This is a photo of ASI monument number  source Wikipedia

Introduction

The Chennakesava Temple which happens to be in the Hassan district of Karnataka in India is a distinctive construction to be found in the Hoysala Empire architecture of Belur. This is a 12 th century temple that is also an expression of devotion to Lord Vishnu as also a stunning fusion of Indian sculpture, dance, music and architecture. Exquisite artistry is evident in all the pillars and roofs and the sculptures of the temple that leaves even the modern visitors flabbergasted. One of the best specimens of Indian art is the famous Madanika sculptures. The temple, which is also a global heritage property of United Nations, is not only source of pride to Karnataka but also the culture and heritage of the whole India. With this, Chennakesava Temple has become a frontrunner in the eyes of the history enthusiasts, art enthusiasts and religious faithful.

Chennakehkeshava-Tempel bei Belur  source Wikipedia

Location

Chennakesava Temple is a Hindu temple that houses the deity Shiva in Belur of the Hassan district of Karnataka in India. It is one of the greatest architectural specimen of the Hoysala style of architecture. Belur town is approximately 220 km away (air-line) form Bengaluru, and 16 km close to Halebidu.

Chennakeshava temple (1163 A.D.) at Hullekere in Hassan district    Source Wikipedia

 

History

Chennakesava Temple is constructed by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana in 1117 AD. It is said that that was the temple he chose to construct in appreciation of lord Vishnu which to him marked a victory over the Chola kings. Chennakesava is a name referring to: Beautiful Keshava, or charming form of Lord Vishnu. The temple indicated their political and cultural strength in the Belur, the Hoysala Empire capital city. Religious rituals were not the only things that were developed here but also artistic elements like art, sculpture, music and dance. Successors of the Hoysala kingdom and other good kings also helped in its expansion and its sustenance. Due to this, the variety of the temple architecture and the sculpture became greater over time. There are beautiful carvings of images related to the Hindu mythology like Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Bhagavata Purana on the

Chennakesava Temple. Not only these are religious stories but are also the hallmark of invention and competency of Hoysala artists. Today this temple is seen as the pride of the Hoysala Empire and the one unique piece of a medieval art of India.

Domical ceiling over mukhamantapa (entrance porch) in Chennakeshava temple at Hullekere  Source Wikipedia

This is a photo of ASI monument number source Wikipedia

Viranarayana temple, west of Keshava Temple Soure Wikipedia

The prime temple

Kesava The name of the presiding deity of this temple is Sri Keshava (a form of Vishnu). It is a unique sculpture composed of generic chirograph and this statue located in the large sanctum sanctorum. This idol of Shri Keshava is four-handed in which every hand holds a conch, chakra, mace and lotus. There are also very good carvings, statues and on all the pillars there are magnificent works of art outside the sanctum sanctorum. The temple is of the world class standard in terms of sculptural styles in particular on the pillars and the roofs.

Celestial deity with mythical animals carved at the entrance source Wikipedia

Architectural features Chennakesava

Temple is claimed to be the tallest structure of Hoysala architecture. An excellent mixture of architecture, architecture and architecture.

1. Architectural design The plan of the temple is star shaped (star-like multifaceted base), another of the characteristics of the Hoysala architecture. The whole temple is constructed of soapstone, well adapted to carving.

2. Sculpture, Decoration On the outside of the temple are many sculptures which recount scenes of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana. The sculptures of different avatars of Lord Vishnu, dancing female figures (Madanika), god and goddesses, animals and mythological figures make the temple a living one.

3. Pillars and pillars The temple is decorated with about 48 pillars with the different design of each pillar. This minimum interior used dance and music called until now "Nritya Mandap."

4. The big idol and the consecrated space In the inner sanctuary comprising a vast four limbed idol of Shri Keshav is placed. The paintings of lions, elephants, and the god carvings made at the doorway to the sanctum sanctorum are also what brings to the grandiosity of this temple.

5. The wile of art So perfectly done are each of the carvings of the sculpture that the decorations upon the idol, down to the twine of the hair or the fold of the dress, are distinctly visible. The architecture uses the inspiration of the Dravidian style of South India but the Hoysala influenced artists have given it a character of its own.

In its current condition and historical importance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site Sri Chennakesava Temple is one of the famous historical and religious tourist attraction centers in India presently. People visit it daily, especially during holidays, as behalf of devotees as well as tourists both domestic and international to worship as well as seize the beauty of the fine sculpture.

Current status

The temple is a living religious site and there are regular pujas and festivals. Belur Festival is held here annually which liberates the temple to ancient traditions in the ambience of dance, music and devotion. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is in charge of conservation and maintenance of the temple.
The UNESCO World Heritage

The Chennakesava Temple, the Hoysaleshwara Temple at Halebidu and the Keshava Temple at Somanathapura were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023 as Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas. UNESCO as well as considering these temples as religious places of worship it has also classified these temples as pieces of art that are unmatched in terms of sculpture and architecture. This appreciation has further helped bring the Hoysala architecture to the international level and hence fortifying the conciliatory activities.

Conclusion

Chennakesava Temple is not merely the object of the religious life as it is also the bright example of Indian art, culture and architecture. The temple has gained a special position due to the exquisiteness in terms of sculptures, artworks and the history of the period of the Hoysala history. It is today itself a gathering point of piety, performance and the past. It is a world heritage site and as such it is well noted in India and the world. The Chennakesava Temple is a glowing testimony not only of the glory of the Hoysala Empire, but also of the entire Indian legacy and culture richness.

Wikipedia  

Archaeological Survey of India

UNESCO 

Rohtasgarh Fort in Bihar

Rohtasgarh Fort Entrance picture source Wikipedia

Introduction

Built in the district of Rohtas, in Bihar, Rohtasgarh Fort is one of the largest, oldest forts in India. By sitting on the Kaimur hills roughly 1,500 feet above sea level the fort made itself famous not only due to the geographical locational advantage but also because it managed to host various turns and twists of history. This fort acted in the center of many political and military events during the rule of Rajputs, Sur, Mughal and British in each period. The rohtasgarh Fort is a very true representation of the proverbial change of times, change of rulers. Its immense walls, enhanced gates, mosques, palaces and water tanks still impress us of the glory and power of the past. Now it is not only the archeological monument, but a pearl of the glorious heritage of India.
Location

The place of the fort Rohtasgarh Fort is situated in Rohtas district of the state of Bihar of India. The fort stands some 1,500 feet above sea level, and is on top of the Kaimur Hills. The fort is naturally an impregnable defensive building as it is surrounded by deep forests as well as mountain passes. The closest town, Sasaram is approximately 39 km away. Bhojpur - at a distance of nearly 50 km, Patna (capital city) 150 km away Closest railway station, Sasaram Junction. Closest  Patna Airport.

Rohtas seal of Shashanka picture source Wikipedia

History

The Rohtasgarh. This story witnesses the linkage of the fort with great mythological existence. It is believed that the hill was used as a defensive position during Gupta period (4th-6th century). In the latter part of the 7th century the Emperor Harshavardhana fortified the fort strategically on behalf of the fort and made the new improvements. The steeper the hill the more effective it was to keep off the enemy attacks since as the fort naturally occurs on a steep hill. Therefore early in its life Rohtasgarh fort was regarded as militarily invincible. Ancient times and Ancient history People lived in the region of the Rohtasgarh Fort since the ancient times. The Kaimur hill region found its place as a residence of people since the period of the Neolithic age. The north had a history of ancient societies surviving on the prey as well as plant life and the river life.

Devi temple, Rohtasgarh fort picture source Wikipedia

 

Medieval history

 Rulers of Rajput came into power of Rohtasgarh fort after the ancient times during the middle ages. The Rajputs took the geographical advantage of the fort, its natural defences and transformed it into a well-defended centre. Through their reign, the fort was surrounded by an expansion of walls and gates as well as some settlements. The Age of Suri Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan ruler, overtook the fort in the 16 th century. Rohtasgarh was a military base and an administrative centre at the possession of Sher Shah Suri. He constructed some mosques, palaces and water tanks within the fort. Much of the current architecture of the fort was put in place in his time.
The fort passed into the hands of the Mughal emperor Akbar, after the death of the Sher Shah Suri. Akbar used Rohtasgarh as a major administrative centre On this basis he directed military campaigns westward towards Bengal The fort rose in significance even more in Mughal period and it became one of the strongest ones in North India.
Presence of the Fort 

The present state and importance of the possession of the same Rohtasgarh Fort today is a landmark in terms of archeology. A lot of it has since been obliterated however its massiveness continues to impress tourists. The work of maintenance of the fort is being done by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Nowadays it is visited by tourists and can be considered to be one of the most intriguing historical objects of Bihar.
Conclusion

The Rohtasgarh Fort is the relic of the ancient military installation as well as the symbol of multiplex changes in Indian history. The fort has studiously seen the courage of the Rajputs, the splendor of Sher Shah Suri, the might of the Mughals and the dominion of British. Even now it is a mute spectator to shifting times and shifting masters.

Tourism of Bihar

Wikipedia

 Archaeological Survey of India

Unesco

Gobindgarh Fort History

 

Qila Mubarak, Bhatinda, Punjab, India photo credit Wikipedia

Introduction
Gobindgarh is one of the ancient and historic forts of the North that is located in the city of Bathinda in Punjab. This fort stands as a witness to the reign of Rajputs / Mughals / Sikhs and British over the centuries. Because of its nexus to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the fort got known as Gobindgarh. This fort has a specific spot in the history of Punjab not just in the culturally and politics term of its defense. It is currently a historical monument that enjoys the status of a major tourist attraction of Bathinda.

The fort of Govindgarh photo credit Wikipedia

 
The Name and Establishment
The Govindgarh Fort can be traced back in history to about the 9th century, when Raja Bhagabhata, a Bhati Rajput king constructed this fort in order to establish his rule in Bathinda region. It started out as a defense base and military base which over the years turned out to be a strategically significant location. The fort was rebuilt and remodelled later during the Sikh regime. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the 10th Sikh Guru during his times was also closely associated to this fort. It was named after him as Govindgarh Fort The fort then not only represented the form of military authority, but also a religious and cultural figure of identification.

View from inside the Fort photo credit Wikipedia

History
Govindgarh Fort has a long history and this story is multifaceted. It saw the ups and the downs of different rulers and empires of North India.
Rajput era
The Govindgarh Fort belongs to the 9th century with the vintage owner being the ruler of Bhati Rajput, Raja Bhagabhata. By then, the fortress was majorly a defensive base. There was great strategic significance of the fort as a way of establishing the authority of the Bhati Rajputs in the region of Bathinda and to repel the invasion of the enemy. The tall walls, the robust gateways and the interior tank are rare and exclusive objects of the Rajput architecture.
The Mughal nation
On the conquest of Punjab by the Mughals in the medieval times, the fort of Gobindgarh fell in their hands. The Mughal rulers occupied the fort as a mode of establishing war-base, and put the Bathinda region under their administrative authority. New walls, watchtowers and arsenals were built into the fort. It was in the centre stage of multiple military campaigns of the Mughal rule.
The Sikh age
The fort took another dimension as the Sikhs rose in the 17th century. Sangha Guru Gobind Singh Ji who was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs would use this fort in his fight against the Mughals. Here he was able to mobilise the Sikh army. It was later in the era of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that the fort was further renovated and turned out to be a strategic fort of the Sikh Empire. It is at this period that the fort was christened Gobindgarh Fort in honour of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
The British.
In the 19th century when the British conquered the Punjab state, the fort served as their military headquarters. The British constructed administrative structures, offices, arsenals and warehouse here. Military significance of the fort has been retained, however the primary mission was to curb the rebellion in the area by the local Sikhs and also to keep order. The fort is now owned by independent India after the fall of British rule.
Architectural features
This is evinced in the architecture of Gobindgarh Fort since it can be found that four eras have left an imprint, namely Rajput, Mughal, Sikh and the British. The rulers endorsed more alterations to the fort to suit their needs making it a heritage of architecture. The Rajput architecture The fort was constructed in Bhati Rajput era. Rajput architecture is distinguished by this strong fortification in the form of high walls, towers and the planning of gate entries. Cisterns and secret passages could be found inside the fort and this made it very useful during defense during sieges.

Building style of Mughals
There was a rise in red sandstone use in the fort during the Mughal period. New walls, watch towers and military barrack were constructed. One can also see the splendor of Mughal architecture which is apparent in the form of arches, carved windows and beautiful doors.
The Sikh architecture
Guru Gobind Singh Ji and, afterwards, Maharaja Ranjit Singh renovated the fort. Sikh architecture is mainly simple and functional. In the fort Temples and Gurudwaras were constructed. The name of this fort is Gobindgarh Fort referring to Guru Gobind Singh Ji. British work
The British architecture
The British turned the fort into a military base and erected administrative buildings, warehouses and offices here. They are represented by their architecture based on use of brick, wide entrances and military rooms. The fort was modernized and the level of comfort provided by it when ruling the land was also enhanced, at the cost of the traditional style of architecture.

Nowadays one of the historical locations of Bathinda is Gobindgarh Fort. Although it has a long history and has been affecting the world throughout centuries, nowadays, there are numerous ruins of the fort. The department of archaeology (ASI) and Government of Punjab has undertaken measures to conserve it as well as restore it. The major walls, towers and some of the administrative buildings in the fort are still in place. Being a tourist attraction, the tourists are given a combination of Sikh history and Rajput architecture and the military historical artifacts of the British period. Currently, cultural programs, historical exhibitions and tourism activities are arranged within the fort. The fort to the local people did not remain a mere archaeological site but is symbolic of the great past of Punjab. The Govindgarh fort is one of the most beautiful sites of Bathinda that interests potential history lovers and tourists. The fact that its preservation will be an asset to the future generations is in itself an invaluable heritage.

Conclusion
Besides being a military base, Gobindgarh Fort is a document of the political cultural and religious history of Punjab. The fort is testimony to the valor of the Rajputs, the settlement of the Mughals, the tussle of the Sikhs and the administrative application of the British. It has gained a life of its own because it is named after Guru Gobind Singh. Not only is it an archaeological site today, but also, a symbol of identity, pride and heritage of Punjab. When the correct preservation and development is done, the Gobindgarh Fort will remain a great history treasure to be left to the future generations.

Hindustan Times

Wikipedia

History of Kumbhalgarh Fort

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Introduction

This is reminiscent with the Kumbhalgarh Fort located in the lap of the Aravalli mountain of the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, which is a unique beauty in the annals of Indian history. This fort stands at an altitude of roughly 3600 feet above sea level; an inestimable monument not only in terms of defense, but also in symbolizing architecture and its own culture. Constructed by Rana Kumbha in the 15th century, the fort has been interlaced with several stories, tales, and war memories. It is also referred to as the Great Wall of India owing to its 36 km wall. Nowadays Kumbhalgarh fort belongs to UNESCO World Heritage Site and is the testament of the historical past of not only Rajasthan, but of all India as well.

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The Name and The Establishment
Kumbhalgarh fort has been named after the great ruler of Mewar, Rana Kumbha. He was an extraordinary king of the 15 th century who was not a warrior but an art patron, builder, and culture patron. Kumbhalgarh fort was built in his reign (1443 - 1458 AD). During construction of the fort too many obstacles were said to have been created. Then Rana Kumbha was advised of a saint that the formation of the fort would be successful through human sacrifice. It is the saint who offered himself a sacrifice and according to his directives, the front entrance to the fort was constructed. The original purpose of construction of the fort was to enhance the defence of Mewar. It was located in the harsh terrain of the Aravalli hills and thus it earned a name as an almost impregnable fortress to invaders.

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History
Not only a piece of architecture but a living testimony of historic grandeur of the Mewar kingdom, Kumbhalgarh Fort. Since the establishment of the fort, it was used as the primary fortification tower of Mewar. The fort was used as a hide out of the Mewar royal household at times of distress. The great warrior who is credited with purest form of courage, Maharana Pratap was born in this fort, a fact that has put it on a higher pedestal in history. Many times the fort was attacked Sons of Gujarat sultans, Maratha of Malwa and Marwar rulers tried to conquer it. On other occasions a big army of the Mughal emperor Akbar also turned against. It was however not easy to conquer it because of thick walls of the fort and the inaccessible position of Aravalli. Kumbhalgarh Fort was referred to history as the impregnable fort because it stood out as the marker of independence and honor of Mewar.

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Architectural features
Kumbhalgarh Fort is special not only in terms of defence but architecturally as well. As the fort is located in the top of the Aravalli mountain it has obviously become an indestructible one. Fort Walls: Fort walls of Kumbhalgarh are one of the most attractive. It forms a part of the longest wall, second after the Great wall of china, at 36 km long. Temples:It has over 360 temples. It possesses not only Hindu but also Jain temples since it can reflect the religious diversity in the region. Entrance: The fort has seven large gates of entry and located because this way is risk-free of crucial attack. Badal Mahal / Megh Mahal: Within the confines of the fort is one of the most unique piece of architecture in Rajasthan i.e the Badal Mahal/Megh Mahal. Beautiful panoramas of the mountains and the scenery. Reservoirs and wells: In the fort there were numerous wells and cisterns which served a long time to provide drinking water in time of war or siege. Each brick, wall and architectural design of Kumbhalgarh Fort is the just reflection of military tactic, religion and art of the Rajputs.

Presently, the fort of Kumbhalgarh is one of the most commonly visited tourist spots in Rajasthan. It has grown in importance following its listing in the UNESCO world heritage site. A lot of foreigns and homelands tourists visit the place.
Temples, palaces and walls within the fort are the attractions of the visitors. Kumbhalgarh Festival is a fauna of colourful traditional folklore, rhythm and melody of Rajasthan. At night the fort becomes well lit which makes it an experience to be remembered by the tourists. The RTDC and the Department of Archaeology are also in regular efforts so as to preserve and maintain the fort. Today, Kumbhalgarh fort is not only an historical monument but also it occupies a place of honor as the center of the Rajasthan heritage and culture and the most important tourism industry.

Conclusion
Kumbhalgarh Fort is not only the historic military fort, it is also the priceless document which tells us about the genius history, culture and architecture of Rajasthan. The distance monumentality of Rana Kumbha and the like historical significance of being the birthplace of Maharana Pratap and also of the length of the wall (36 km) provides it a world-status on the face of the earth. This fort has been a symbol of freedom and power of Mewar, which had stood centuries. Kumbhalgarh Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and such a treasure can never be valued enough by the whole world and India in particular. It is the only destination to visit all people who love history or travelling.

Rajasthan Tourism Kumbhalgarh

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Kangra fort Himachal Pradesh

Kangra Fort, front view,old Kangra town, Himachal Pradesh, India source Wikipedia

Introduction 

Situated in the verdant green valleys of the Himachal Pradesh of India, Kangra Fort is an invaluable historical statement of the history, architecture, and culture of North India. It is one of the oldest and largest forts not only in Himachal but the entire India. The fort dates back to the Mahabharata times and this proves its deep historical background. Since centuries, different dynasties, emperors, and foreign invaders have occupied and struggled this fort. The geographical protection provided by hills and rivers, the extensive walls and inner temples contribute to ethnographic and religious richness of Kangra on the one hand and to the military aspect of the region, on the other.

Kangra Fort miniature at Museum of Kangra Art Dharamshala Source Wikipedia

 
Historical background
Kangra Fort dates back to ancient history, which is very rich indeed. As per historians, it is among the oldest forts in India and was present nearly 3,5 thousand years ago. Kangra also takes mention in the Mahabharata. The fort is also predominantly connected with the Katoch dynasty that ruled more than a thousand years. Muhammad Ghazni attacked the fort in the 11th century; he plundered the wealth there. The fort was later tried to be captured by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi, Mughal emperor Akbar and Jahangir as well. Eventually, Emperor Jahangir took the fort in the 17th century. In 1809, Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered the fort, which was later transferred to the British. A huge part of the fort was, however flattened by the devastating earthquake of 1905, which still lies in ruins today. Over this lengthy timeline, Kangra Fort has been significant in the fields of political position and warfare, not to mention the aspects of culture, religion, and economy.

Raja Sansar Chand attacking Kangra Fort, ca.1782 Source Wikipedia

A 4,000-year heritage
The Kangra Fort in Northern India is not only a building in a Himalayan-hilly region, but a narrative in time that bears with itself the entire history of the place. This fort has a history of approximately 4, 000 years and relating to the story of the Mahabharata as well. The work of carving on every brick and stone remains even to this day as the Rajput Katoch dynasty, Mughal, Sikh and British rule were happened. Kangra Fort is never viewed as a military fort; rather, it is a distinctive depiction of power, bravery, religious diversity and culture that continues to amaze the tourists today. The spoil of the lost treasure, Kangra Fort, not only had special significance due to its military abilities and religious values, 

It possessed invaluable treasures. 

There is talk that immense quantities of gold, silver, precious stones, and ancient artefacts were kept within this fort. It is a hoard that has been invaded frequently in the course of time. When it was attacked by Muhammad Ghazni in 1009, the fort was looted and the loot transported back to Ghazni. Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi and Mughal Emperor Jahangir too attacked the fort many times in search of its riches. The Kangra fort is even more mythical and more crucial in history due to the story of this treasure. This belief that there still exists some invaluable treasures under the ruins of the fort, continues to cause myths and legends around this fort to date, even today.

Kangra fort in 1847, by Charles Hardinge Source Wikipedia 

Architecture and building 

Kangra Fort is either the largest or one of the strongest and most powerful forts of North India. The natural shape of the fort was covered by a wall 4 kilometers in length, creating an impenetrable line of defence. 

Main features:  The fort has several gates of entry. Most prominent of them is the Ranjit Singh Gate, which is named after the Maharaj Ranjit Singh. Fort Walls and Towers: The fort was provided with high walls and watchtowers to secure it. These allowed to track the movements of the enemy with ease. Inner Temple: There are a number of ancient temples within the fort itself. One of these is the Lakshminarayan Temple, the Ambika Devi Temple and the Sheetla Mata Temple. These temples render the fort strategically placed not only the military point of view but also the religious point of view. Palace And Halls: The old palace, hall, and living room all lie in ruins that can be seen within the fort. It is a combination of Rajput, Mughal, Pahari style. The Effect of Earthquakes. Most of the fort was shaken down a decade later in the 1905 earthquake. Much of the walls and temples are ruined, but even the ruins remind about the glory of that ancient times. The Kangra Fort is the unique specimen of traditional Indian architecture due to the combination of military force, religious characteristics, and royal architecture.

Idol of Rishabhanatha decorated with flowers and ornaments as per Śvetāmbara rituals Source Wikipedia

Relations with Jainism 

The fort of Kangra was not only military and politically significant, but also it was a land of religiously rich place. The fort shrines a number of old Jain temples, which mirror religious heterogeneity of the place. A Jain temple at the site of Adinath (the first Tirthankara) inside the fort deserves special mention. This contains fine carved Jaina statues, pillars and inscriptions, and these are regarded as the finest in meditation Jaina art. Historians indicate that the role played by the Jain community in the region of Kangra used to be significant. Due to growth of trade, culture and art, these religious structures were raised in the fort premises. That is why, Kangra Fort is significant as a conventional monument of Jainism as well. Numerous Jain pilgrims come to this fort with religious zeal even in the present day and this fact has led to the Kangra being a spiritual centre as well.

Kangra Fort source Social Media 

Conclusion 

Kangra Fort is a fascinating representation of the Indian Heritage, the architecture, and religious diversity. During the time span of more than one thousand years, the fort has had to endure many invasions, change of regimes, and natural calamities. It is a mixture of Rajputs, Mughals, Sikhs, and Britishers and the touch of everything in every wall and temple. Although most of the fort was destroyed by the 1905 earthquake, we find it as a major tourist attraction center today. Old temples, religious sites of Jains, palaces of kings and hilly geographies all come together to give a different experience. In a nutshell, Kangra Fort is not only an architecturestructure, but an embodiment of the India past glory, struggles and culture.

Archaeological Survey of India

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